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How Pure Is Our ‘Pure Water’?

Water is one of man’s most abundant commodities and occupies about 70% of the earth’s surface, yet a larger percentage of the world’s population lives without access to safe drinking water, especially in developing countries. The importance of quality drinking water cannot be overstated. In many developing countries, water availability has become a critical and pressing issue and is of great concern to families and communities dependent on non-public water systems.

Providing portable water to rural and urban populations is essential to prevent health risks. Unsafe water is a global threat to public health and puts people at risk of many diseases as well as chemical intoxication. More than two million people, mostly children under the age of five, were reported to die from diarrheal diseases, and according to the WHO (2004), almost 90% of diarrhea-related deaths were attributed to unsafe or inadequate water supplies. and sanitation. The WHO estimated in 2006 that 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water.

What exactly is “pure water”?

Nigeria is located in coastal West Africa where water is abundant, yet most of the population lacks sufficient and safe drinking water. As a result, individuals who can afford it are now sinking wells and selling water without any major form of purification to an ever-growing population. Many individuals and corporations in Nigeria are now in the business of packing water in polythene bags of about 50-60cl, popularly called ‘pure water’, which they sell to the public. Thus, drinking water is commercially available in such easy-to-open bags. The production, marketing and consumption of bottled water has increased tremendously. Several brands of this sachet water are now on the market in Nigeria and other developing countries.

Why should we be concerned?

In Nigeria, the public supply of potable water is unreliable, which encourages the sale of potable water in polythene bags due to its availability and affordability. However, there is concern about the purity of the water in the bags. The environmental integrity and conditions under which most bags are produced are questionable, as many of those involved in their production do not adhere to standards set by the WHO (2006) and the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, FEPA (1999). . Good quality water should be colorless, odorless and tasteless, as well as free of microbial and chemical contaminants. Most consumers tend to be more concerned with the appearance and taste of water than with the invisible burden of potentially harmful microorganisms and other contaminants that may be present in the water.

In recent years and in the past, many studies have been conducted in various parts of the country to determine the purity of bottled water, and most of the results point to the same conclusion: that our so-called “pure water” may not be completely safe to drink. The results of most studies on bottled water to determine purity and safety have almost always produced evidence of microbial and, in some cases, chemical contaminants.

Regulatory body

The National Agency for Food Administration and Control (NAFDAC) is an agency of the Nigerian government charged with regulating the production and sale of food, drugs and cosmetics in the country and oversees the bottled water industry. NAFDAC itself has been criticized for failing to adequately police the industry. Some companies are known to submit fake samples to pass NAFDAC tests and obtain a registration number, but then sell untreated tap water labeled as clean. Other companies just print a completely fake NAFDAC number on their packaging. Another area that NAFDAC has also neglected is the sachet water distribution channel. There is evidence that this bottled water is contaminated after it has left the manufacturing facilities while in the hands of distributors and retailers/vendors due to poor handling and storage.

The way forward

Much has been said about the quality of bottled water in distribution in developing countries, but not much has been done. Some have proposed a complete ban on bottled water, but proponents of the idea must consider the institutional flaws in public water supplies and the huge economic benefits of bottled water. However, the activities of the regulatory agencies should be intensified to ensure compliance with the standards. Regulatory activities that promote basic hygiene values ​​(eg hand washing, general cleanliness of the storage environment and vendor containers) and a proper handling culture could bring about the desired improvements. The focus needs to shift from just monitoring the final product, as this does not always provide the full picture in terms of microbiological risk assessment. Distribution methods and channels also need to get under the radar. There is also a need for public sensitization and monitoring/regulation of sachet water vendors.

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